Case studies
Mayoux, L. (Consultant for Women In Sustainable Enterprise (WISE) Development, Enterprise Development Impact Assessment Information Service (EDIAIS).) Qualitiative methods, interviews, case studies www.enterprise-impact.org.uk/word-files/Qual Methods-2-Section2.doc
Yin, R. (1994) 'Case study research: design and methods.' 2nd Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA. Sage.
Children
Alderson, P. 1995. Listening to Children: Children, Ethics and Social Research. London: Barnardos.
Bolt, V. J. and Bird, K. (2003) The Intrahousehold Disadvantages Framework: A Framework for the Analysis of Intra-household Difference and Inequality. Overseas Development Institute/CPRC Working Paper No 32. www.chronicpoverty.org/pdfs/32Bolt_Bird.pdf
Boyden, J. and Ennew, J. 1997. Children in Focus - A manual for participatory research with children. Radda Barnen.
Child Needs Assessment (CNA) Tool Kit. Early Child Development, World Bank. www.worldbank.org/children/cnahome.html
The CNA Tool Kit provides organizations working in communities impacted by the HIV/AIDS epidemic a methodology, questionnaire and software for assessing the needs of young children.
Child to Child. 1991. Doing it better: a simple guide to evaluating child-to-child activities. TALC.
Grimsrud, Bjoerne. 2001. A Comparison of Survey Instruments for Collecting Data on Child Labour. Florence: The Inter-Agency Research Cooperation Project: Developing New Strategies for Understanding Children's Work and Its Impact. www.ucw-project.org/pdf/Comparison_Survey_Instruments.PDF
Johnson, V., Ivan-Smith, E., Gordon, G., Pridmore, P. and Scott, P. 1998. Stepping Forward: children and young people's participation in the development process. IT Publications.
Kirby, P. 1999. Involving young researchers: How to enable young people to design and conduct research. Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
Richman, N. 1993. Communicating with children: helping children in distress. Development Manual No. 2. London, SCF.
Save the Children UK. 1999. Child Protection Policy: Protecting children, preventing abuse. London: SC UK.
Schenk, K. and Williamson, J. (2005) Ethical Approaches to Gathering Information from Children and Adolescents in International Settings: Guidelines and Resources. Washington: Horizons Program/Population Council and Family Health International/Impact. http://www.popcouncil.org/horizons/childrenethics.html
The Social Research Association has a code of safety on research. This can be found at www.the-sra.org.uk/index2.htm
Combining methods and triangulation
Baulch, B. and Scott, L. (eds.) (2006) Report on CPRC Workshop on Panel Surveys and Life History Methods (pdf file opens in new window). Workshop held at the Overseas Development Institute, London, 24-25 February 2006.
Booth, D., Holland, J., Hentschel, J., Lanjouw, P., and Hebert, A. 1998. Participation and Combined Methods in African Poverty Assessment: Reviewing the Agenda. DFID, Social Development Division, African Division. www.dfid.gov.uk/Pubs/files/sddafpov.pdf
Chung, K. 1997. Identifying good practice for the integration of qualitative and quantitative methods for poverty research. Watson Institute for International Studies, Brown University.
Combining Methods, Centre for Development Studies, University of Swansea. www.swan.ac.uk/cds/research/SDRC/comb1.htm
Combining Participatory and Survey-Based Approaches to Poverty Monitoring and Analysis - Report on the workshop held between 30 May and 1 June 2001, Kampala, Uganda www.bellanet.org/mimap/pub_docs/WkshopRepFinal.doc?ois=n
Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Reading: Statistical Services Centre (University of Reading) www.rdg.ac.uk/ssc/develop/dfid/dfidqqa.html.
N. Marsland, I.M. Wilson, S. Abeyasekera and U. Kleih. 2000. A Methodological Framework for Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Survey Methods.An output from the DFID-funded Natural Resources Systems Programme (Socio-Economic Methodologies Component) project R7033. www.rdg.ac.uk/ssc/develop/dfid/booklets/qqa.html
ODI Livelihood Options Study. (2003) Understanding Livelihoods in Rural India: Diversity, Change and Exclusion (section 3 on methods) www.livelihoodoptions.info/papers/guidance.htm
Pratt, B. and Loizos, P. (1992) 'Choosing research methods: data collection for development workers.' Development Guidelines, No.7, Oxford, Oxfam.
Report from the workshop Research and Methodology: Content and Context (Social Research Centre, American University in Cairo, 13-15 January 2000). Dept. of Ethnography and Social Anthropology, University of Aarhus, Moesgaard, July 2001).
Conflict
ACORD Publications on conflict. www.acord.org.uk/b-resources.htm#CONFLICT
ACORD (2000) Gender-Sensitive Programme Design And Planning In Conflict-Affected Situations - Timbuktu Guidelines On Oral Testimony. www.acord.org.uk/Publications/G&CResearch/annex7timbuktuguidelineseng.pdf
Anderson, M (1999) 'Do no harm: How aid can support peace - or war' Boulder, USA: Lynne Rienner.
Barakat, S & Ellis, S (1996) 'Researching under Fire: issues for consideration when collecting data and information in war circumstances, with specific reference to relief and reconstruction projects' Disasters.
Fisher, S et al (2000) 'Working with Conflict. Skills and Strategies for Action' Zed Books, London.
Goodhand, J (2000) 'Research in conflict zones: ethics and accountability' Forced Migration Review No. 8, August, 2000
Le Billon, P (2000) 'The political economy of war: what relief agencies need to know' Humanitarian Practice Network Paper No. 33, ODI
Stewart, F. and Fitzgerald, V. (2000) War and Underdevelopment. Volume 1. 'The Economic and Social Causes of Conflict'.
Van Brabant, K (2000) 'Operational Security Management in Violent Environments' Humanitarian Practice Network, Good Practice Review No. 8, ODI
Dissemination
Deshingkar, P. and Farrington, J. (2003) Video presentation of research results to policymakers - some notes from the ODI Livelihood Options study in India www.livelihoodoptions.info/video.htm
DFID (2003) Mass media key sheet. www.keysheets.org/red_22_mass_media.html
DFID-Natural Resources Systems Progamme (DFID-NRSP) 2002, Scaling-up and communication: Guidelines for enhancing the developmental impact of natural resources systems research, 8 pp. www.nrsp.co.uk/Nrspweb/digest/PD108_NRSP_Digest_FINAL_13Jan03.pdf
ODI Livelihood Options Study. (2003) Understanding Livelihoods in Rural India: Diversity, Change and Exclusion (section 4 on influencing policy) www.livelihoodoptions.info/papers/guidance.htm
ODI-RAPID (2003) Policy entrepreneurship - a self-assessment questionnaire (note based on presentation by Simon Maxwell). www.odi.org.uk/RAPID/Documents/Policy_Entrepreneurs.pdf
Focus group discussions and interviews
Basch, C.E. (1987) 'Focus Group Interview: An Underutilized Research Technique for Improving Theory and Practice in Health Education.' Health Education Quarterly, 14(4): 411-448, 1987.
Dawson, S. and Manderson, L. 1993 'A manual for the use of focus groups: methods for social research in disease'. www.unu.edu/unupress/food2/UIN03E/UIN03E00.htm
Edmunds, H. (1999) 'The focus group research handbook.' Lincolnwood, IL: NTC Business Books/Contemporary Publishing.
FitzGerald, J. Focus groups - a how-not-to guide. www.coolth.com/focus.htm
Gadin, K.G. and Hammarstrom, A (2000) ''We won't let them keep us quiet...' - Gendered strategies in the negotiation of power-implications for pupils' health and school health promotion.' Health Promotion International, Vol.15, No.4, 303-311
Goldman, A.E., and McDonald, S.S. (1987) 'The Group Depth Interview.' Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Greenbaum, T.J. (1987) 'The Practical Handbook and Guide to Focus Group Research.' Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Herriot Watt University. Learning technology dissemination initiative. www.icbl.hw.ac.uk/ltdi/
Higginbotham, J.B., and Cox, K.K. (Eds.) (1979) 'Focus Group Interviews: A Reader.' Chicago: American Marketing Association.
Krueger, R.A. (1988) 'Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research.' Sage Publications, Inc., Newbury Park, CA, 1988.
Kuhn, K (2000) 'Problems and benefits of requirements gathering with focus groups: A case study.' International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction. Vol.12, No.3-4, 309-325
Merton, R.K. (1987). 'The Focused Interview and Focus Groups: Continuities and Discontinuities.' Public Opinion Quarterly 51, 550-556.
Morgan, D.L. (1997) 'Focus groups as qualitative research.' (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
NOP Research Group (UK) www.nop.co.uk/home_page.htm (Marketing company)
Sherraden, M. (1995) Section 5.1 How to do focus groups, in IDA Evaluation Handbook: A Practical Guide and Tools for Evaluation of Pioneering IDA Projects gwbweb.wustl.edu/csd/Publications/1995/IDA_Evaluation_Handbook.pdf
Spooner, C. and Flaherty, B. (1993) 'Comparison of 3 data-collection methodologies for the study of young illicit drug-users.' Vol.17, No.3, 195-202.
Stanton, B.F. et al. (1993) 'Urban Adolescent high-risk sexual behaviour - corroboration of focus group discussions through pile sorting.' Aids Education and Prevention, Vol.5, No.2, 162-173
Stewart, D.W., and Shamdasani, P.N. (1990) 'Focus Groups: Theory and Practice.' Newbury Park: Sage.
Winkvist, A., Akhtar, H.Z.(2000) 'God should give daughters to rich families only: attitudes towards childbearing among low-income women in Punjab, Pakistan.' Social Science and Medicine, Vol.51, No.1.73-81.
General
Abbot, D. (1998) 'Dilemmas of researching poverty.' In Thomas, A., Chataway and Wuyts, M. (eds.) (1998) Finding out fast: investigative skills for policy and development. London, Open University and Sage.
Bolt, V. J. and Bird, K. (2003) The Intrahousehold Disadvantages Framework: A Framework for the Analysis of Intra-household Difference and Inequality. Overseas Development Institute/CPRC Working Paper No 32. www.chronicpoverty.org/pdfs/32Bolt_Bird.pdf
Devereux, Stephen and Hoddinott, John (1992) Fieldwork in Developing Countries, Wheatsheaf.
Dey, Ian (1993) Qualitative data analysis : a user-friendly guide for social scientists.
March, C., Smyth, I., and Mukhopadhyay, M. (1999) A guide to gender analysis frameworks. Oxford, Oxfam.
McGee, R. and Brock, K. 2001. From poverty assessment to policy change: processes, actors and data. IDS Working Paper 133. www.ids.ac.uk/ids/bookshop/wp/wp133.pdf
Mikkelsen, Britha (1995) Methods for Development Work and Research: A guide for practitioners, Sage.
Miles, Matthew B. and Huberman, A. Michael (1994) Qualitative data analysis : an expanded sourcebook.
Stone, D. with S. Maxwell and M. Keating. 2001. Bridging research and policy: critical examination of the current thinking on the research to policy process. www.gdnet.org/pdf/Bridging.pdf
Trochim, W. M. 2000. Research Methods Knowledge Base. Cornell University. trochim.human.cornell.edu/ kb/contents.htm
Ulin, P. R., Robinson, E. T., Tolley, E. E. and McNeill, E. T. 2002.
Qualitative methods: a field guide for applied research in sexual and
reproductive health. Family Health International: North Carolina.
www.fhi.org/en/RH/Pubs/orderforms.htm
Wood, M. 2001. Notes on research methods. Portsmouth University. www.pbs.port.ac.uk/~woodm/rmnotes.htm
World Bank's Social Analysis Sourcebook www.worldbank.org/socialanalysissourcebook/
World Bank's Social Analysis Site - Other tools and methods lnweb18.worldbank.org/ESSD/essdext.nsf/61ByDocName/ToolsandMethods
HIV/AIDS
Bolt, V. J. and Bird, K. (2003) The Intrahousehold Disadvantages Framework: A Framework for the Analysis of Intra-household Difference and Inequality. Overseas Development Institute/CPRC Working Paper No 32. www.chronicpoverty.org/pdfs/32Bolt_Bird.pdf
Family Health International www.fhi.org/
Ulin, P. R., Robinson, E. T., Tolley, E. E. and McNeill, E. T. 2002. Qualitative methods: a field guide for applied research in sexual and and reproductive health. Family Health International: North Carolina.Click on www.fhi.org/en/RH/Pubs/orderforms.htm for an order form. NB The guide is available at no cost to developing country researchers, organisations and libraries.
UNAIDS (2000) Guidelines for Studies of the Social and Economic Impact of HIV/AIDS. www.unaids.org/publications/documents/economics/costeffec/JC326-Guideliens.pdf
Task Force for Child Survival and Development (2001) Child Needs Assessment (CNA) Tool Kit. Early Child Development Team of the World Bank www.worldbank.org/children/cnahome.html The CNA Tool Kit provides organizations working in communities impacted by the HIV/AIDS epidemic a methodology, questionnaire and software for assessing the needs of young children.
Impairment and disability
Barnes, C & Mercer, G (eds) (1997) Doing Disability Research Disability Press, Leeds University.
Bolt, V. J. and Bird, K. (2003) The Intrahousehold Disadvantages Framework: A Framework for the Analysis of Intra-household Difference and Inequality. Overseas Development Institute/CPRC Working Paper No 32. www.chronicpoverty.org/pdfs/32Bolt_Bird.pdf
Humphrey, J C (2000) Researching Disability Politics, Or, Some Problems with the Social Model in Practice Disability & Society Vol. 15.1 p63-85
Oliver, M (1996) Understanding Disability: from theory to practice Macmillan, Basingstoke
Save the Children. Access for All - Helping to make participatory processes accessible for everyone. www.eenet.org.uk/bibliog/scuk/access_for_all.pdf
Stienstra, D; Fricke, Y & D'Aubin A (2002) Baseline
Assessment Inclusion and Disability in World Bank Activities World
Bank , Washington D.C. wbln0018.worldbank.org/hdnet/hddocs.nsf/
View+to+Link+WebPages/841239FD3C23B7FD85256C07006824FE?OpenDocument
UN Statistics Division - Publications on disability statistics. unstats.un.org/unsd/disability/reference.asp
Yeo, R & Moore, K (2003) Including Disabled People in Poverty Reduction Work: Nothing About Us, Without Us World Development Vol.31.3 p571-590 2003
Life histories and oral testimonies
ACORD (2000) Gender-Sensitive Programme Design And Planning In Conflict-Affected Situations - Timbuktu Guidelines On Oral Testimony. www.acord.org.uk/Publications/G&CResearch/annex7timbuktuguidelineseng.pdf
Baulch, B. and Scott, L. (eds.) (2006) Report on CPRC Workshop on Panel Surveys and Life History Methods (pdf file opens in new window). Workshop held at the Overseas Development Institute, London, 24-25 February 2006.
Miller, R. L. 2000. Researching life stories and family histories. Sage: London/Thousand Oaks/New Delhi.
Paerregaard, K. (1998). Intercepting local lives in a global world: the use of life histories in the research of poverty. In Webster, N. (ed.) In search of alternatives: poverty, the poor and local organisations. Copenhagen: Centre for Development Research, Local Organisation and Rural Poverty Alleviation Research Project (CDR Working Paper 98.10). www.cdr.dk/working_papers/wp-98-10.htm
PANOS Oral Testimonies page. www.panos.org.uk/global/projectdetails.asp?ProjectID=1030&ID=1004
Worthman, C. M. and Brown, R. A. (2005) Models of the life-course and the youth-to-adult transition: the life trajectory interview. http://www.anthropology.emory.edu/CHB/members/Ryan%20Brown/LifeTrajectory.pdf
Livelihoods approaches and frameworks
Bagchi, D.K., P. Blaikie, J. Cameron, M. Chattopadhyay, N. Gyawali and D. Seddon (1998), 'Conceptual and Methodological Challenges in the Study of Livelihood Trajectories: Case-Studies in Eastern India and Western Nepal', Journal of International Development 10, pp. 453-468.
Beall, J. and N. Kanji (1999), 'Households, Livelihoods and Urban Poverty', Theme Paper Three, ESCOR Commissioned Research on Urban Development: Urban Governance, Partnership and Poverty.
Bryceson, D.F. (1999), 'Sub-Saharan Africa Betwixt and Between: Rural Livelihood Practices and Policies (Working Paper 43, Afrika-Studiecentrum, Leiden).
Carney, D. (ed.) (1998), Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: What Contribution Can We Make? (Department for International Development).
Department for International Development (1999, 2000), Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets.
Ellis, F. (1998a), 'Household Strategies and Rural Livelihood Diversification', Journal of Development Studies 35, 1, pp. 1-38.
Ellis, F. (1998b), 'Livelihood Diversification and Sustainable Rural Livelihoods', in Carney (ed.), Sustainable Rural Livelihoods, pp. 53-65.
Ellis, F. (2000), Rural Livelihoods and Diversity in Developing Countries (Oxford University Press).
Fine, B. (2001), Social Capital versus Social Theory: Political economy and social science at the turn of the millennium (Routledge).
Francis, E. (2000), Making a Living: Changing Livelihoods in Rural Africa (Routledge).
Goldman, I. et al. (2000a), 'Institutional Support for Sustainable Rural Livelihoods in Southern Africa: Framework and Methodology', ODI Natural Resource Perspectives No. 49.
Goldman, I. et al. (2000b), 'Institutional Support for Sustainable Rural Livelihoods in Southern Africa: Results from Zimbabwe, Zambia and South Africa', ODI Natural Resource Perspectives No. 50.
de Haan, A. (1999), 'Livelihoods and Poverty: The Role of Migration - A Critical Review of the Literature', Journal of Development Studies 36, 2, pp. 1-47.
de Haan, A., K. Brock, G. Carswell, N. Coulibaly, H. Seba, K.A. Toufique (2000), 'Migration and Livelihoods: Case Studies in Bangladesh, Ethiopia and Mali', IDS Research Report 46, University of Sussex.
Khanya (2000), 'Guidelines for Undertaking a Regional/National Sustainable Rural Livelihoods Study' (Department for International Development).
Murray, C. (1995), 'Structural Unemployment, Small Towns and Agrarian Change in South Africa', African Affairs 94, No. 374, pp. 1-22.
Murray, C. (2000), 'Changing Livelihoods: The Free State, 1990s', African Studies 59, 1, pp. 115-142.
ODI Livelihood Options Study. (2003) Understanding Livelihoods in Rural India: Diversity, Change and Exclusion (section 3 on methods) www.livelihoodoptions.info/papers/guidance.htm
Scoones, I. (1998), 'Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: A Framework for Analysis', Working Paper 72, IDS, University of Sussex.
Wolfe, Wendy S. and Frongillo, Edward A., Jr. 2000. 'Building Household Food Security Measurement Tools from the Ground Up.' Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project Background Paper. www.fantaproject.org/downloads/pdfs/hfs_measure.pdf
Mapping
Integrated Approaches to Participatory Development (IAPAD) Participatory Avenues. http://www.iapad.org.
PPgis.net - Open Forum on Participatory Geographic Information Systems and Technologies. http://www.ppgis.net.
Wollenberg, L. (1999) Participatory Mapping - Report of Workshop "Building an Agenda Together" and Mapping Training. Long Loreh, East Kalimantan 20-24 November, 1999. CIFOR 10 December 1999. www.cifor.cgiar.org/acm/methods/pm.html
World Bank PovertyNet PRA Diagrammatic Technique - participatory mapping www.worldbank.org/poverty/impact/methods/mapping.htm
Monitoring, evaluation and impact assessment
Barrow, C. (1997) 'Environmental and social impact assessment.' Arnold.
Child to Child (1991) 'Doing it better: a simple guide to evaluating child-to-child activities.' TALC.
Enterprise Development Impact Assessment Information Service (EDIAIS) This DFID-funded service provides information and advice on assessing the impact of development interventions. Much is enterprise-orientated but the Toolbox in particular holds much downloadable material of general interest to impact assessment practitioners and policymakers. www.enterprise-impact.org.uk
Feldstein, H. S., and Jiggins, J. (1994) 'Tools for the field. Methodologies for Gender Analysis in Agriculture.' Rugby, Intermediate Technology Publications.
Feuerstein, M. (1986) 'Partners in evaluation: evaluating development and community programmes with participants.' Macmillan, TALC.
Fowler, A. (1995) 'Assessing NGO performance: difficulties, dilemmas and a way ahead.' In Edwards and Hulme (1995) 'NGOs- Performance and Accountability: Beyond the magic bullet.' London, Earthscan.
Gosling, L., and Edwards, M. (1995) Toolkits: A practical guide to assessment, monitoring, review and evaluation.' SCF Development Manual No. 5. London, Save the Children.
Goyder, H., Davies, R., and Wilkinson, W. (1998) 'Participatory impact assessment.' London, ActionAid.
Herbert, A. with Shepherd, A. (2001) 'Spin-off study: Impact Assessment for Poverty Reduction.' International Development Department, School of Public Policy. Part of DFID funded 'Evaluation of DFID Support to Poverty Reduction' London, EvD, DFID. Forthcoming.
Hyman, E.; Dearden, K. (1999) 'A Review of Impact Information Systems of NGO Microenterprise Programmes.' AIMS (Assessing the Impact of Microenterprise Services), Washington, AIMS. [A useful text which suggests indicators for impact assessment which include qualitative enterprise-based indicators and quantitative household and livelihood-based indicators. Available through the Microfinance Best Practice website www.mip.org]
Improving the impact of microfinance on poverty: action research
programme
www.imp-act.org
List of monitoring and evaluation resources, guides and reports nt1.ids.ac.uk/eldis/HOT/evaluate.htm
Marsden, D., and Oakley, P. (1990) 'Evaluating social development projects: development guidelines No.5.' Oxford, Oxfam.
M and E: extensive list of evaluation techniques and papers at www.mande.co.uk/
Oakley, P., Pratt, B. and Clayton, A. (1998) 'Outcomes and Impact: Evaluating Changes in Social Development.' London, INTRAC.
Participatory monitoring and evaluation nt1.ids.ac.uk/eldis/hot/pme.htm
Riddell, R. (1990) 'Judging success: evaluating NGO approaches to alleviating poverty in developing countries.' ODI Working Paper 37, London, ODI.
Roche, C. (1999) 'Impact Assessment for Development Agencies: Learning to Value Change.' Development Guidelines, Oxford, Oxfam.
Roe, D., Dalal Clayton, B., and Hughes, R. (1995) 'A directory of impact assessment guidelines - an output from the INTERAISE project.' London, IIED.
Rubin, F. (1995) 'A basic guide to evaluation for development workers.' Oxford, Oxfam.
Thomas, A., Chataway and Wuyts, M. (eds.) (1998) 'Finding out fast: investigative skills for policy and development.' London, Open University and Sage.
Wolfe, Wendy S. and Frongillo, Edward A., Jr. 2000. 'Building Household Food Security Measurement Tools from the Ground Up.' Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project Background Paper. www.fantaproject.org/downloads/pdfs/hfs_measure.pdf
World Bank - CGAP - Microfinance impact assessment methodologies www.cgap.org/html/p_cg_working_group_papers.html
World Bank - Poverty - Impact evaluation www.worldbank.org/poverty/impact/index.htm
World Bank's Poverty and Social Impact Analysis Site (Microeconomic and macroeconomic methods toolbox) www.worldbank.org/poverty/psia/tools.htm
Young, H. (1992) 'Food scarcity and famine: assessment and response: Oxfam practical health guide.' Oxford, Oxfam.
Older people
Bolt, V. J. and Bird, K. (2003) The Intrahousehold Disadvantages Framework: A Framework for the Analysis of Intra-household Difference and Inequality. Overseas Development Institute/CPRC Working Paper No 32. www.chronicpoverty.org/pdfs/32Bolt_Bird.pdf
HelpAge International (2002) Participatory research with older people: a practical guide. www.helpage.org/images/pdfs/Participation.pdf
HelpAge International: Practical issues: Participatory research:
Participatory learning and action.
www.helpage.org/practical/PartResPLA/PartResPLA.html
Other references
Bane, M.J. and D. Ellwood. 1986. 'Slipping in and out of Poverty: The Dynamics of Spells', Journal of Human Resources, Vol.21, Vol.1, 1-23.
Baulch, B. and McCulloch, N. 1998. 'Being Poor and Becoming Poor: Poverty Status and Poverty Transitions in Rural Pakistan'. IDS Working Paper, 79. Sussex: Institute of Development Studies. www.ids.ac.uk/ids/bookshop/wp/wp79.pdf
Bird, K., and Ryan, P. (1998) 'An Evaluation of DFID Support to the Kenya Enterprise Programme's Juhudi Credit Scheme.' December 1998. Evaluation Study. DFID. EV605.
Bird, K. (1999) 'The Constraints facing small and micro entrepreneurs.' Mimeo, International Development Department, Birmingham University, Birmingham.
Bird, K (2000a) 'Urban Poverty and the Uses of Micro-Finance', in Zambia Country Study: Evaluation of DFID Support to Poverty Reduction. Mimeo, DFID EvD, 2000.
Bird, K. (2000b) 'Project Urban Self-Help: From Relief to Empowerment?' in Zambia Country Study: Evaluation of DFID Support to Poverty Reduction. Mimeo, DFID EvD, 2000.
Bird, K., et al (2001) 'Evaluation of RDDP I and II Credit Schemes: The Rakai Rural Credit Scheme (RRCS) and The Danish Women's Credit Scheme (DWCS).' Danida Evaluation Department, Forthcoming.
Foster, Greer, and Thorbecke (1984) "A Class of Decomposable Poverty Measures," Econometrica, Vol. 52 (3) pp. 761-66.
Gaiha, R., Deolalikar, A.B. 1993. 'Persistent, expected and innate poverty - estimates for semi- arid rural South India, 1975-1984', Cambridge journal of economics, Vol.17, No.4, 409- 421
Jalan, J. and M. Ravallion. 1999. Do Transient and Chronic Poverty Share the Same Common Causes?. Washington DC: World Bank.
Jalan, J. and M. Ravallion. 1998. 'Determinants of Transient and Chronic Poverty: Evidence from Rural China'. Policy Research Working Paper 1936. Washington DC: World Bank. econ.worldbank.org/
McCulloch, N. and Bob Baulch. 1999. 'Distinguishing the Chronically from the Transitorily Poor: Evidence from Pakistan'. IDS Working Paper 97. Sussex: Institute of Development Studies. www.ids.ac.uk/ids/bookshop/wp/wp97.pdf
Yaqub, S. 2000. Intertemporal Welfare Dynamics: Extents and Causes. Conference paper given at Brookings Institution/Carnegie Endowment Workshop, Globalization: New Opportunities, New Vulnerabilities, November 9. www.ceip.org/files/pdf/shahin_dynamics.pdf
Political analysis of poverty
Amis, P. (2001) 'Thinking about chronic poverty', Inception report for the Chronic Poverty Research Centre, IDPM, Manchester.
African Renaissance online magazine at www.africarenaissance.org/
Anderson, M. R., Access to Justice and Legal Process: Making Legal Institutions Responsive to Poor People in LDCs
Association for Enterprise Opportunity www.microenterpriseworks.org (US based)
Beetham, D. S. Bracking et al 2002. International IDEA Handbook on Democracy Assessment. Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.
Benjamin, S. (2000) 'Governance, economic settings and poverty in Bangalore', Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 12(1): 35-56.
Booth, D. et al. 1998. Participation and Combined Methods in African Poverty Assessment: Reviewing the Agenda. DFID, Social Development Division, African Division.
Brown, L "Social Learning in South-North Coalitions: Constructing Knowledge Systems Across Social Chasms" and "Lester Salamon and Helmut Anheier "The Third World's Third Sector in Comparative Perspective" all in Lewis, D (ed.), 1999, International Perspectives on Voluntary Action: Reshaping the Third Sector, Earthscan
Burnell, P. (1995) 'The politics of poverty and the poverty of politics in Zambia's Third Republic', Third World Quarterly, Vol. 16(4):675-690.
Centre for Democracy and Development (CDD), particularly the journal 'Democracy and Development'. www.cdd.org.uk/
Chabal, P. and J-P. Daloz, 1999. Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument. (London, UK: James Currey/IAI).
Coote, B, 1992, The Trade Trap: poverty and global commodity markets, Oxfam, Oxford
Cornwall, A. and J. Gaventa. 2001. 'From users and choosers to makers and shapers: repositioning participation in social policy', IDS Working Paper 127. IDS. www.ids.ac.uk
Crook, R. C. and Sverrisson, A. S. To What Extent Can Decentralised Forms of Government Enhance the Development of Pro-Poor Policies and Improve Poverty-Alleviation Outcomes?
de Alcántara C. H. 1998. 'Uses and abuses of the concept of governance', International Social Science Journal, vol. 50, no.155, 105-113.
De Waal, A. 1996. 'Social contract and deterring famine: first thoughts', Disasters, 20/3, 194-205.
De Waal, A. 2000. 'Democratic Political Process and the Fight Against Famine', IDS Working Paper 107. www.ids.ac.uk
Dean, H. 2001. 'Poverty and Citizenship: Moral repertoires and welfare regimes'. In F.Wilson et al (eds) Poverty Reduction: what role for the state in today's globalized economy?. London: Zed.
Demos paper, 1997, The Wealth and Poverty of Networks: Tackling Social Exclusion, Demos, London
Devas, N. (2001) 'The Connections between Urban Governance and Poverty', Journal of International Development, Vol. 13(7):989-996.
Doe, L.. 'Civil service reform in the countries of the West African Monetary Union', International Social Science Journal, vol. 50, no. 155, 125-143
Echeverrigent J. (1992) 'Public-Participation And Poverty Alleviation: The Experience Of Reform Communists In India West-Bengal', World Development, Vol.20(10), 1401-1422
Foweraker, J. 1995. Theorizing Social Movements. (Pluto Press).
Foweraker, J. and Landman, T. 1998. Citizenship Rights and Social Movements: a comparative and statistical analysis. (New York: Oxford University Press).
Gaventa, J, 1999, "Crossing the great Divide: Building links and learning between NGOs and Community based Organizations in North and South". and
Gough, I and Olofsson, G (eds.), 1999, Capitalism and Social Cohesion: essays on exclusion and integration, St Martin's Press, New York
Harriss, J. How Much Difference Does Politics Make? Regime Differences Across Indian States and Rural Poverty Reduction.
Herring, R. J. Political Conditions for Agrarian Reform and Poverty Alleviation
Hossain, N. and M. Moore. 2001. 'Arguing For The Poor: Elites And Poverty In Developing Countries', IDS Working Paper #. Brighton: IDS. www.ids.ac.uk
Houtzager, P. P. and Pattenden, J. Finding the Shape of the Mountain: When 'the Poor' Set the National Agenda
IDASA, the South African centre for democracy promotion, election monitoring, human rights and civic education at www.idasa.org.za/
IDD. (2001) Urban Governance, Partnership and Poverty Research Programme, International Development Department, University of Birmingham. Papers available at: www.bham.ac.uk/IDD/urbgov
IDS Bulletin Vol. 29, no.1, 1998, Special edition on Poverty and Social Exclusion in the North and South
International Institute of Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA) (publishers of The Handbook of Democratic Local Government and (forthcoming) the Handbook on Democracy Assessment) www.idea.int
Inter-Parliamentary Union at www.ipu.org/english/pblctns.htm
Johnson, S and Rogaly, B, 1997, Microfinance and Poverty Reduction, Oxfam
Joshi, A. and M. Moore. 2000. 'The Mobilising Potential of Anti-Poverty Programmes', IDS Discussion Paper, 374. Brighton: IDS.
Kaufman, D. et al. 2002. Governance Matters II: Updated Indicators for 2000-01. Washington: World Bank.
Kothari, S. 1996. 'Rising from the Margins: the awakening of civil society in the Third World', Development, 3.
Lindberg, S. and A. Sverisson. 1997. (eds.). Social Movements in Development: The Challenge of Globalization and Democratization. (Basingstoke: Macmillan).
Lister, R. 1997. Citizenship: Feminist Perspectives. (Hampshire, UK: Macmillan).
Makhijani, A, 1992, From Global Capitalism to Economic Justice: an enquiry into the elimination of systemic poverty, violence and environmental destruction in the world economy, Apex Press, London
Mamdani, M. 1993. 'Social Movements and Democracy in Africa', in P. Wignaraja (ed.), New Social Movements in the South: Empowering the People. (UK: Zed Books). 101-118.
Mamdani, M. 1996. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. (London, UK: James Currey).
Mamdani, M. 1998. 'Africa: Democratic Theory and Democratic Struggles'. In M. Mohanty et al (eds.) People's Rights: Social Movements and the State in the Third World. (New Delhi, India: Sage). 84-97.
Mamdani, M. and E. Wamba-dia-Wamba, E. 1995. (eds.). African Studies in Social Movements and Democracy. (Dakar, Senegal: CODESRIA).
Medard, J-M. 1996. 'Patrimonialism, Neo-patrimonialism, and the Study of the Postcolonial State in sub-Saharan Africa'. In H.S. Marcussen, (ed.), Improved Natural Resource Management - the Role of Formal Organisations and Informal Networks and Institutions. (Roskilde, Denmark: Occasional Paper No.17, International Development Studies, Roskilde University). 76-97.
Moore, M. 2001a. 'Political underdevelopment: What causes 'bad governance'?', Public Management Review, Vol. 3(3), 385-418.
Moore, M. 2001b. 'Understanding Variations in Political Systems in Developing Countries: A Practical Framework'. Unpublished.
Moore, M. and J. Putzel. 'Politics and Poverty'. A Synthesis report.
Moore, M., J. Leavy, P. Houtzager and H. White, Polity Qualities: How Governance Affects Poverty
New Economics Foundation www.neweconomics.org (UK based)
Offe, C. 1985. 'New Social Movements: Challenging the Boundaries of Institutional Politics'. Social Research, Vol.52, No.4, 817-868.
Pearson, R and Watson, W, 1997, "Giving women the credit: the Norwich Full Circle Project" Gender and Development, Vol 5 No 3 pp. 52-7
Peet, R. and M. Watts. 1996. Liberation Ecologies: environment, development, social movements. (London, UK: Routledge). Chs. 1,4 and 10 in particular.
Rakodi, C. et al. (2000) 'Poverty and political conflict in Mombasa', Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 12(1):153-170.
Rodgers, G et al (eds.), 1995, Social Exclusion: Rhetoric, Reality, Responses, International Institute for Labour Studies and UNDP, Geneva
Scott, A. 1990. Ideology and the New Social Movements. (UK: Unwin/Hyman).
Sen, A. 1999. Development as Freedom. NY: Alfred Knopf.
Seyfang, G and Pearson, R, 2000, "Time for change: International experience in community currencies" Development, (Journal of the Society for International Development) Vol 43 No. V, December pp56-60
Slocum, R. et al (eds.). 1995. Power, Process and Participation - Tools for Change. Intermediate Technology Productions.
Stoker, G. 1998. 'Governance as theory: five propositions', International Social Science Journal, vol. 50, no. 155, 17-28
Szeftel, M. (2000) '"Eat with us": Managing Corruption and Patronage Under Zambia's Three Republics, 1964-99', Journal of Contemporary African Studies, Vol. 18(2): 207-224.
Tarrow, S. 1998. Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics. (UK: Cambridge University Press). 2nd edition.
The Responsiveness of Political Systems to Poverty. Papers produced in 1999 under DFID funded research available as Background Papers to the World Development Report 2000/2001, World Bank, Washington D.C. www.worldbank.org/poverty/
Tornquist, O. 1999. Politics and Development , Sage.
Transparency International Source Book, which also explains the anti-corruption 'National Integrity System Audit', www.transparency.org/sourcebook/index.html
UNDP has an extensive governance resource at its website at magnet.undp.org/ with handy manuals and 'lessons learned elsewhere' papers.
UNDP. 1998. Human Development Report. UNDP. hdr.undp.org/reports/global/1998/en
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (Addis Ababa), Development Management Division, at www.uneca.org/resources_home.htm
United Nations Research Institute for Social Development at www.unrisd.org/
United Nations University, Tokyo on governance
www.unu.edu/gov.html
Varshney, A. 1999. Democracy and poverty. Paper for the Conference on World Development Report 2000 www.worldbank.org/poverty/wdrpoverty/dfid/varshney.pdf.
Whitehead, L. and G. Gray-Molina, The Long Term Politics of Pro-Poor Policies
Wignaraja, P. 1993. (ed.) New Social Movements in the South: Empowering the People. (UK: Zed Books).
World Bank 2000. World Development Report 2000-2001: Attacking Poverty. Washington DC: World Bank. www.worldbank.org
World Bank site for Governance and Public Sector Reform is at www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/
World Bank. 1994. Governance: The World Bank's Experience.
Washington D.C: World Bank.
www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance/pubs/govmatters2001.htm
Political capital
Baumann, P. 2000. 'Sustainable livelihoods and political capital:
Arguments and evidence from decentralisation and natural resource
management in India'. ODI Working Paper 136.
www.odi.org.uk/publications/summwp136.html
Baumann, P. and S. Sinha (2001) 'Linking development with democratic
processes in India: Political capital and sustainable livelihoods
analysis', Natural Resources Perspectives, 68, ODI, London.
www.odi.org.uk
Birner, R. and Wittner, H. 2000. Converting Social Capital into
Political Capital: How do local communities gain political influence? A
theoretical approach and empirical evidence from Thailand and Columbia.
Paper submitted to the 8th Biennial Conference of the International
Association for the Study of Common Property (IASCP).
dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/documents/dir0/00/00/02/21/dlc-00000221-00/birnerr041300.pdf
Booth, J.A. and P.B Richard. 1998. 'Civil Society, Political Capital and Democratization in Central America', Journal of Politics, Vol.60, No.3, 780-800.
Department for International Development. 1999, 2000. Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets. www.livelihoods.org/
Fine, B. 1999. 'The developmental state is dead: long live social capital?', Development and Change, Vol.30, No.1, 1-19.
Hobley, M. (2001) 'Unpacking the PIP Box'. Available at Livelihoods Connect, www.livelihoods.org
Krishna, A. 2001. 'Moving from the stock of social capital to the flow of benefits: the role of agency', World Development, 29, 6, 925-943.
Livelihoods Connect. N/d. DFID/IDS website on Sustainable Livelihoods. www.livelihoods.org
Putzel, J. (1997) 'Accounting for the 'dark side' of social capital: reading Robert Putnam on democracy', Journal of International Development, Vol. 9(7):939-949.
Rakodi, C. 1999. 'A Capital Assets Framework for Analysing Household Livelihood Strategies: Implications for Policy', Development Policy Review, Vol.17, No.3, 315-342.
Slocum, R. et al (eds.). 1995. Power, Process and Participation - Tools for Change. Intermediate Technology Productions.
UNDP 2000. Human Development Report 2000. UNDP. hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2000/en
Qualitative/quantitative distinction
Baulch, B. and Scott, L. (eds.) (2006) Report on CPRC Workshop on Panel Surveys and Life History Methods (pdf file opens in new window). Workshop held at the Overseas Development Institute, London, 24-25 February 2006.
Conference On Combining Qualitative And Quantitative Methods In
Development Research, Swansea, July 1-2, 2002.
www.swan.ac.uk/cds/research/SDRC/conferenceabstracts.htm
Hentschel, J. 1997. Distinguishing between Types of Data and Methods of Collecting Them.
Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Reading:
Statistical Services Centre (University of Reading)
www.rdg.ac.uk/ssc/develop/dfid/dfidqqa.html.
Poverty Group, World Bank.
www.worldbank.org/html/dec/Publications/Workpapers/WPS1900series/wps1914/wps1914.pdf
Qual-quant: Qualitative and quantitative poverty appraisal -
Complementarities, tensions and the way forward. (Contributions to a
workshop held at Cornell University March 15-16, 2001).
www. people.cornell.edu/pages/sk145/papers/QQZ.pdf
Westmarland, N. 2001. The quantitative/qualitative debate and
feminist research: a subjective view of objectivity. Forum:
Qualitative Social Research, 2/1.
qualitative-research.net/fqs-texte/1-01/1-01westmarland-e.htm
Ranking
Adams, A.M.; Evansl, T.G.; Mohammed, R.; and Farnsworth, J. (1997) Socioeconomic
Stratification by Wealth Ranking: Is it Valid? Global Reproductive
Health Forum.
www.hsph.harvard.edu/Organizations/healthnet/HUpapers/97_02.pdf
GTZ (1998) Poverty monitoring in rural development projects: the
wealth-ranking method and its applications in the PRODILO project [Mali]
Produced by: Poverty Reduction Project, GTZ.
www.gtz.de/forum_armut/download/bibliothek/e_prodilo.pdf
Jeffries, D.; Warburton, H.; Oppong-Nkrumah, K.; and Antoh, E.F. (n.d.) Wealth ranking study of villages in peri-urban areas of Kumasi, Ghana. Case Study 6. Reading: Statistical Services Centre (University of Reading) www.rdg.ac.uk/ssc/develop/dfid/booklets/cs6_kuma.pdf
IISD Wealth ranking and poverty analysis iisd1.iisd.ca/casl/CASLGuide/WealthRanking.htm
World Bank PovertyNet PRA Diagrammatic Technique - ranking exercises www.worldbank.org/poverty/impact/methods/ranking.htm
Research ethics
Brief introduction to research ethics trochim.human.cornell.edu/kb/ETHICS.HTM
Ethical issues in research involving human participants (comprehensive
annotated bibliography from a medical perspective, but does contain
general information, as well as sections on 'special/vulnerable'
populations such as children, women, older people, people with HIV/AIDS
and other diseases etc.)
www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/cbm/hum_exp.html
Goodhand, J. (2000) Research in conflict areas: ethics and accountability. Forced Migration Review.
The Online Resource for Instruction in Responsible Conduct of Research www.rcr.ucsd.edu/index.html
Schenk, K. and Williamson, J. (2005) Ethical Approaches to Gathering Information from Children and Adolescents in International Settings: Guidelines and Resources. Washington: Horizons Program/Population Council and Family Health International/Impact. http://www.popcouncil.org/horizons/childrenethics.html
SciDevNet Dossier on Ethics of Conducting Medical Research in the Developing World http://www.scidev.net/dossiers/index.cfm?fuseaction=dossierItem&Dossier=5
Rights-based approaches to development
Appasamy, P., S. Guhan, R. Hema, M. Majumdar and A. Vaidyanathan. 1996. Social exclusion from a welfare rights perspective in India. Geneva, Switzerland: IILS Research Series No. 106.
Beales, S. (2000) 'The mark of a noble society: human rights and older people', HelpAge International, available as a PDF file from www.helpage.org
Lund, C. 1998. 'Development and rights: tempering universalism and relativism', European journal of development research, Vol.10, No.2, pp.1-6
Maxwell, S. 1999. ''What can we do with a Rights-Based Approach to Development?, ODI Briefing Paper,1999 (3). www.odi.org.uk/publications/briefing/3_99.html
Mohan,G. and Holland, J. 2001. 'Human rights and development in Africa', Review of African political economy, Vol.28, No.88, pp.177-196
Mohanty, M. et al (eds.) People's Rights: Social Movements and the State in the Third World. (New Delhi, India: Sage).
Moser, C. and Norton, A. 2001. To claim our rights: livelihood security, human rights and sustainable development. London: ODI Poverty and Public Policy group.
ODI. 2001. 'Economic Theory, Freedom and Human Rights: The Work of
Amartya Sen', ODI Briefing Paper.
www.odi.org.uk/publications/briefing/poly_final.pdf
Sano, H.O. 2000. 'Development and human rights: the necessary, but partial integration of human rights and development', Human rights quarterly, Vol.22, No.3, pp.734-752
UNDP. 2000. Human Development Report 2000: Human Rights and Human Development. hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2000/en
VanBueren, G. 1999. Combating child poverty-human rights approaches, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol.21, No. 3, pp.680-706.
Van Genugten, W. and C. Perez-Bustillo. 2001. The Poverty of Rights: Human Rights and the Eradication of Poverty. London and NY: Zed.
RRA, PRA, PLA, Action Research
Barahona, C. and Levy, S. (2002) How to generate statistics and influence policy using participatory methods in research. Reading: Statistical Services Centre (University of Reading) Working Paper.
Chambers, Robert et al., eds. (1989), Farmer First, Farmer Innovation and Agricultural Research, Intermediate Technology Publications
Chambers, R. (1994) 'Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA): analysis of experience.' World Development, Vol.22. No.9 pp1253-1268.
Chambers R. (1997) Whose Reality Counts? Intermediate Technology Publications, London. (Provides examples and explains how methodological change that is personal, professional and institutional can provide recognition of the realities of the poor and powerless.)
Cornwall A. and Jewkes R. (1995) What is Participatory Research? Social Science and Medicine. Vol 41, No 12 pp1667-1676. (Analysis of participatory research, discussing the qualitative quantitative divide and the need for distinction between methods and methodologies in which they are applied.)
Estrella, M. et al (eds.) (2000) Learning from Change: Issues and Experiences in Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation Intermediate Technology Publications, London. (Using case studies, explores the use of participatory methods in monitoring and evaluation of community research, development and poverty reduction programmes.)
Holland and Blackburn (eds.) (1998) Whose Voice? Participatory Research and Policy Change Intermediate Technology Publications, London. (Provides case studies of policy-oriented research, including PPAs, and looks at issues raised along the spectrum of participation from empowerment to policy outcomes.)
IDS participation site: links to other PLA sites, sources of
information and contacts worldwide.
www.ids.ac.uk/ids/particip/index.html
IISD Participatory research for sustainable livelihoods: a guide for
field projects on adaptive strategies
iisd1.iisd.ca/casl/CASLGuide/guidebook-home.htm
Mayoux, L. ( Consultant for Women In Sustainable Enterprise (WISE)
Development, Enterprise Development Impact Assessment Information
Service (EDIAIS).) Participatory methods.
www.enterprise-impact.org.uk/informationresources/toolbox/partic
methods.shtml
McPherson, S. (1994) 'Participatory monitoring and evaluation in PRA: annotated bibliography of selected sources.' Sussex, IDS.
Participatory research with older people: a practical guide. www.helpage.org/images/pdfs/Participation.pdf
Practical issues: Participatory research: Participatory learning and
action. Participatory learning and action is a research technique that
enables people to communicate their experience in a way they feel
comfortable with. This technique has been used in northern Iraq to learn
about the situation of older Kurdish people.
www.helpage.org/practical/PartResPLA/PartResPLA.html
Pretty, Guijt, Thompson and Scoones (1995) Participatory Learning and Action: A Trainers Guide. IIED, London. (Guide for trainers and practitioners of PLA methods. Includes notes on building interdisciplinary teams, principles of participatory inquiry, training exercises and methods of facilitating field work.)
RCPLA network of practitioners (Africa, Asia, South America): information about methods, examples of practice, sources and contacts. www.rcpla.org
Robb C (1997) Can the Poor Influence Policy? Responding to the Challenges of Inclusion in PPAs. World Bank, Washington. (Focuses on experiences of PPAs, their objectives, methodologies used, impact and potential impact on strengthening policy delivery frameworks in favour of the poor.)
Save the Children. 2000. The Household Economy Approach: A
resource manual for practitioners.
www.savethechildren.org.uk/foodsecurity/publications/manual.htm
Slater D, Tacchi J and Hearn G. (2003) Ethnographic Action Research Handbook: A user’s handbook developed to innovate and research ICT applications for poverty eradication. New Delhi, UNESCO Asia Pacific Regional Bureau for Communication and Information. http://unescodelhi.nic.in/publications/ear.pdf
Sample surveys and quantitative analysis
Baulch, B. and Scott, L. (eds.) (2006) Report on CPRC Workshop on Panel Surveys and Life History Methods (pdf file opens in new window). Workshop held at the Overseas Development Institute, London, 24-25 February 2006.
Barahona, C. and Levy, S. (2002) How to generate statistics and influence policy using participatory methods in research. Reading: Statistical Services Centre (University of Reading) Working Paper.
Bulmer, M and Warwick DP (1983), Social Research in Developing Countries: Surveys and Censuses in the Third World, John Wiley and Sons
Casley, D J and Lury DA (1987), Data Collection in Developing Countries
CGAP Poverty Assessment Tool (PAT) (nt1.ids.ac.uk/cgap/poverty/pat.html) The CGAP-PAT provides rigorous data on the levels of poverty of microfinance institution clients, relative to people within the same community through the construction of a multidimensional poverty index that allows for comparisons between MFIs and across countries. The tool involves a survey of 200 randomly selected clients and 300 non-clients, takes about four months to complete and costs around $10,000. Field tests were successfully completed on seven MFIs in seven countries. PAT should be used in conjunction with other appraisal tools (such as the CGAP Appraisal Format) to ensure a holistic understanding of MFIs.
Clegg, Frances (1990), Simple Statistics: a course book for the social sciences
Cochran, William G (1977) Sampling Techniques
DAD (Distributive Analysis - Analyse Distributive). IDRC/MIMAP. (Available free at www.mimap.ecn.ulaval.ca).This specially-designed software facilitates the analysis and comparison of social welfare, inequality, poverty, and equity between groups with different standards of living.
Freund, John E. (1988) Modern elementary statistics.
George, C. (IDPM, Enterprise Development Impact Assessment
Information Service (EDIAIS)) Quantitative Methods.
www.enterprise-impact.org.uk/informationresources/toolbox/quantitivemethods.shtml
Grimsrud, Bjoerne. 2001. A Comparison of Survey Instruments for Collecting Data on Child Labour. Florence: The Inter-Agency Research Cooperation Project: Developing New Strategies for Understanding Children's Work and Its Impact. www.ucw-project.org/pdf/Comparison_Survey_Instruments.PDF
Mukherjee, C., and Wuyts, M. (1998) 'Thinking with quantitative data.' in Thomas, A., Chataway and Wuyts, M. (eds.) (1998) Finding out fast: investigative skills for policy and development. London, Open University and Sage.
Nichols, P. (1991) 'Social survey methods: a fieldguide for development workers. Development Guidelines, No.6.' Oxford, Oxfam.
Owen, Frank and Jones, Ron (1994) Statistics
Poate, CD and Daplyn, PF (1993), Data for Agrarian Development
Rowntree, Derek (1991), Statistics Without Tears: a primer for non-mathematicians, Penguin
World Bank's Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) www.worldbank.org/lsms/
Situation analysis
Situation Analysis - An IUCN Approach and Method for Strategic
Analysis and Planning (Based on the experience of IUCN Regional and HQ
programmes; Prepared by the MandE Initiative) Revised July 1999.
www.iucn.org/wssd/themes/eval/documents/sitanalysis.PDF
Social Exclusion
Appasamy, P., S. Guhan, R. Hema, M. Majumdar and A. Vaidyanathan. 1996. Social exclusion from a welfare rights perspective in India. (Geneva, Switzerland: IILS Research Series, No.106).
Bhalla, A. and F. Lapeyre. 1997. 'Social exclusion: towards an analytical and operational framework'. Development and Change, Vol.28, 413-433.
Byrne, D. 1999. Social Exclusion. (UK: Open University Press).
de Haan, A. 1995. Bibliographical review on social exclusion in
South Asia: annotated. IILS/ILO.
www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/inst/papers/1994/dp77/index.htm
de Haan, A. 1998. 'Social Exclusion: an alternative concept for the study of deprivation', IDS Bulletin, Vol.29, No.1, 10-19.
de Haan, A. 1999. Social exclusion: towards an holistic understanding of deprivation. DFID.
de Haan, A. and S. Maxwell. 1998. 'Editorial: Poverty and Social Exclusion in North and South', IDS Bulletin, Vol.29, No.1, 1-9.
Gore, C. 1994. Social exclusion and Africa south of the Sahara: A
review of the literature. International Institute for Labour
Studies.
www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/inst/papers/1994/dp62/index.htm
Gore, C. and J.B. Figueiredo. 1997. (eds.) Social Exclusion and the anti-poverty policy: A debate. Research Series 110. (Geneva, Switzerland: International Institute of Labour Studies/UN Development Programme).
Gough, I and Olofsson, G (eds.), 1999, Capitalism and Social Cohesion: essays on exclusion and integration, St Martin's Press, New York
IDS Bulletin Vol. 29, no.1, 1998, Special edition on Poverty and Social Exclusion in the North and South
ILO. 1996. Social Exclusion and Anti-Poverty Strategies: A Synthesis of Findings. (Geneva: International Labour Organization).
Jordan, B. 1996. A theory of poverty and social exclusion. (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press).
Kaijage, F. and A. Tibaijuka. 1996. Poverty and social exclusion in Tanzania. (Geneva, Switzerland: IILS Research Series, No.109).
Lee, P. and Murie, A. 1999. Literature Review of Social Exclusion.
Rodgers, G et al (eds.), 1995, Social Exclusion: Rhetoric, Reality, Responses, International Institute for Labour Studies and UNDP, Geneva
Room, G. (ed.). 1995. Beyond the threshold: the measurement and analysis of social exclusion.
Silver, H. 1994. 'Social exclusion and social solidarity: Three paradigms', International Labour Review, Vol.133, Nos.5-6, 531-578.
Silver, H. 1998. 'Policies to reinforce Social Cohesion in Europe'. In Gore, C. and J.B. Figueiredo, (eds.), Social Exclusion: an ILO perspective. Geneva: ILO. 78-82.
UNDP. 1998. Human Development Report. UNDP. www.undp.org
World Bank 2000. World Development Report 2000-2001: Attacking Poverty. Washington DC: World Bank. www.worldbank.org
Stakeholder analysis
Chevalier, J. 2001. Natural Resource Project/Conflict Management: Stakeholders Doing "Class" Analysis. Carleton University, Ottawa. [www.carleton.ca/~jchevali/STAKEH2.html]
Montgomery, R. (1995) 'Guidance note on stakeholder analysis for aid projects and programmes.' London, ODA.
Gavin, T. and Pinder, C. (Enterprise Development Impact Assessment Information Service (EDIAIS)) Stakeholder analysis www.enterprise-impact.org.uk/informationresources/ toolbox/stakeholderanalysis.shtml
Trend analysis (seasonal calendars, daily activity diagrams)
World Bank PovertyNet PRA Diagrammatic Technique - trend analysis (i.e. seasonal calendars and daily activity charts) www.worldbank.org/poverty/impact/methods/trend.htm
Venn diagrams
IISD Venn diagrams, webs and trees iisd1.iisd.ca/casl/CASLGuide/RepRel.htm#Venn